What evidence in the play can be interpreted as Mercutios Essay Example for Free

What evidence in the play goat be construe as Mercutios EssayWhat evidence in the play can be interpreted as Mercutios affections toward Romeo being more than platonic? Discuss. Romeo and Juliet a tragic romance written by William Shakespe are depicts the passion between the ii characters Romeo and Juliet. Other forms of savour between characters are excessively present in the play, one of the most notable being the ambiguous relationship between Romeo and his showy best booster rocket Mercutio.Through a series of character interactions and character portrayals, Mercutios sexuality is left indistinct and his affections towards Romeo can be seen as homosexual in nature. Romeo and Mercutio have a disposition to tease and banter with each other without the play. Mercutios teasing in particular could be interpreted as a form of homoerotism considering the astronomical amounts of innuendo and references to Romeos phallus used. To raise a spirit in his mistress circle Of s ome opposed nature, letting it there stand Till she had laid it and berated it down (Act 2, thought 1)Though this type of banter could be interpreted as normal amongst manpower their age, due to Mercutios ambiguous sexual orientation, it can be considered a form of flirting, especially when you exit into consideration Mercutios attestment for the foe gender and shaft between a man and a woman. Early on in the play, Mercutio is shown to have an aversion to women as well as heterosexual love. One of the clearest examples of Mercutios hostility towards women is shown in act 2, scene one when Benvolio and Mercutio are searching for Romeo after the party at the Capulets.I must conjure him. I conjure thee by Rosalines b correctly eyes, By her high forehead and her scarlet lip, By her fine foot, straight complication and quivering thigh And the demesnes that there adjacent lie, That in thy likeness thou appear to us (Act 2, scene 1) Mercutio starts mocking Romeos feelings for Rosa line as well as insulting her by listing her body separate in a crude manner. Mercutios aversion towards women and love is also quite prominent in his queen regnant Mab speech which outside of being a fairy is also a reference to whores during Elizabethan times. The speech starts off-key as more of a flight of fancy but steadily becomes darker the provided he gets.This is the hag, when maids lie on their backs, That presses them and learns them first to bear, Making them women of good carriage This is she (Act 1, scene 4) This passage could be interpreted as women losing their virginities as well as going into prostitution. Mercutio makes a stab at women through generalising them as whores, as well as stating how love is insignificant, nonsensical and corrupting. This is shown through the emphasis on Queen Mabs small size, the fairys ability to confirm what ever vices that dreamers are addicted to and how the description of Queen Mab itself is off nonsense.His aversion to women and heterosexual love could be interpreted as a sign of homosexualism, or at the very least bisexuality Mercutios disrespect for the opposite gender is shown to be indiscriminate when involving matters in concern to Romeo. All women that Mercutio is seen interacting with or acknowledging in the play are insulted and ridiculed by him the fact that they have all cute Romeos troupe or have been subjected to Romeos affections is what they all have in common.NURSE If you be he, sir, I desire some confidence with you. MERCUTIO A bawd, a bawd, a bawd so ho ROMEO What hast thou found? MERCUTIO No lapin, sir unless a hare, sir, in a lenten pie, that is something stale and hoar ere it be spent. An old hare hoar, And an old hare hoar, Is very good meat in lent But a hare that is hoar Is too much for a score, When it hoars ere it be spent. Romeo, will you come to your fathers? well to dinner, thither. (Act 2, Scene 4)In this scene, Mercutio is shown to immediately interrupt the conversatio n between the other two characters once Romeo has lost interest in teasing the have, and the nurse has shown interest in conversing with him in private. Mercutios insults and teasing become bawdier as he tries to draw the groups attention and in turn Romeos attention towards him preferably than the nurse as he continues to mock her. This act could be seen as an adverse reaction to the possibility of Romeo romancing another woman, or thus far the possibility of him romancing the nurse herself.A similar attitude is taken up by Mercutio concerning other women in Romeos life, as shown with Rosaline. The callous and unseemly commission that Mercutio treats women who associate with Romeo could be seen as a form of jealousy, and thus his possible homoerotic affections for his best friend characters much(prenominal) as Tybalt make allusions to the possibility of Mercutios non-platonic affections towards Romeo right before the plays climax. Mercutios death scene, aside from being the cl imax of the play, has the most allusions to Mercutios affections towards Romeo being more than platonic.Mercutio, thou consortst with Romeo (Act 3, scene 1) This line spoken by Tybalt suggests the possibility of Mercutios homosexuality. Tybalt starts insulting a passive Romeo which results in a brawl between Mercutio and Tybalt, stemming from Mercutios need to obey his friends dignity and outrage at Romeos unresponsiveness to the insults. The brawl between the two, along with Mercutios resulting death, is seen as completely unnecessary as Tybalt is making no direct insult to Mercutios person, only Romeos.The need that Mercutio had felt to defend Romeos dignity could be seen as the manifestation of amorous feelings towards his best friend due to how unnecessarily far hed taken his brawl with Tybalt and how it had resulted in his death. Through these series of events and character interaction such as Mercutios teasing of Romeo, his aversion to women, love, senseless death borne out of want to defend Romeos dignity and the possibility of him being homosexual, that Mercutios love for Romeo could be cogitate as being more than just platonic. ________________ ROMEO AND JULIET ESSAY- VERSION 2.What evidence in the play can be interpreted as Mercutios affections toward Romeo being more than platonic? Discuss. Romeo and Juliet, a tragic romance written by William Shakespeare, depicts the love between the two characters Romeo and Juliet. Other forms of love between characters are also present in the play, one of the most notable being the ambiguous relationship between Romeo and his flamboyant best friend Mercutio. Through a series of character interactions and character portrayals, Mercutios sexuality is left indistinct and his affections towards Romeo can be seen as homoerotic in nature.Romeo and Mercutio have a tendency to tease and banter with each other throughout the play. Mercutios teasing in particular could be interpreted as a form of homoerotism considering the large amounts of innuendo and references to Romeos phallus used. Said references to Romeos phallus appear when Mercutio, in an attempt lure Romeo out of hiding, begins to talk of Romeo raising a spirit in his mistress circle and letting it there stand / Till she Rosaline had laid it and conjured it down (William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 1, Line 26).Though this type of banter could be interpreted as normal amongst men their age, due to Mercutios ambiguous sexual orientation it can be considered a form of flirting, especially when you take into consideration Mercutios attestment for the opposite gender and love between a man and a woman Early on in the play, Mercutio is shown to have and aversion to women as well as heterosexual love. One of the clearest examples of Mercutios hostility towards women is shown in when Benvolio and Mercutio are searching for Romeo after the party at the Capulets.Mercutio starts mocking Romeos feelings for Rosaline as well as insul ting her by listing her body parts in a crude manner. He describes her fine foot, straight leg and quivering thigh (Act 2, Scene 1, Line 21) amongst other body parts considered uncouth to talk about during his time period. Mercutios aversion towards women and love is also quite prominent in his Queen Mab speech which outside of being a fairy is also a reference to whores during Elizabethan times. The speech starts off as more of a flight of fancy but steadily becomes darker the further he gets.Mercutio makes references to women losing their virginities and going into prostitution when he talks of when maids lie on their backs / That presses them and learns them first to bear (Act 1, Scene 4, Line 96). Mercutio makes a stab at women through generalising them as whores, as well as stating how love is insignificant, nonsensical and corrupting. This is shown through the emphasis on Queen Mabs small size, the fairys ability to confirm what ever vices that dreamers are addicted to and ho w the description of Queen Mab itself is complete nonsense.His aversion to women and heterosexual love could be interpreted as a sign of homosexuality, or at the very least bisexuality Mercutios disrespect for the opposite gender is shown to be indiscriminate when involving matters in concern to Romeo. All women that Mercutio is seen interacting with or acknowledging in the play are insulted and ridiculed by him the fact that they have all wanted Romeos company or have been subjected to Romeos affections is what they all have in common. In the second act, Juliets nurse approaches Romeo and expresses her interest in speaking with him alone.Mercutio, seeing that Romeo had lost interest in teasing the nurse, instantly interrupts the conversation by calling the nurse a bawd (Act 2, Scene 4, Line 115), followed by an unbecoming song on a girl who prostitutes herself. Mercutios insults and teasing become bawdier as he tries to draw the groups, and in turn Romeos, attention towards him r ather than the nurse as he continues to mock her. This act could be seen as an adverse reaction to the possibility of Romeo romancing another woman, or even the possibility of him romancing the nurse herself.A similar attitude is taken up by Mercutio concerning other women in Romeos life, as shown with Rosaline. The callous and unseemly way that Mercutio treats women who associate with Romeo could be seen as a form of jealousy, and thus his possible homoerotic affections for his best friend characters such as Tybalt make allusions to the possibility of Mercutios non-platonic affections towards Rome right before the plays climax. Mercutios death scene, aside from being the climax of the play, has the most allusions to Mercutios affections towards Romeo being more than platonic.Tybalt suggests the possibility of Mercutios homosexuality when he says that Mercutio consortst with Romeo (Act 3, Scene 1, Line 42). Tybalt starts insulting a passive Romeo which results in a brawl between Mer cutio and Tybalt, stemming from Mercutios need to defend his friends dignity and outrage at Romeos unresponsiveness to the insults. The brawl between the two, along with Mercutios resulting death, is seen as completely unnecessary as Tybalt is making no direct insult to Mercutios person, only Romeos.The need that Mercutio had felt to defend Romeos dignity could be seen as the manifestation of romantic feelings towards his best friend due to how unnecessarily far hed taken his brawl with Tybalt and how it had resulted in his death. Through these series of events and character interaction such as Mercutios teasing of Romeo, his aversion to women, love, senseless death borne out of want to defend Romeos dignity and the possibility of him being homosexual, that Mercutios love for Romeo could be concluded as being more than just platonic.

Efforts to address the development of rural areas

Efforts to address the maturation of inelegant areasDEVELOPING RURAL AREAS circumscribeIntroduction.Literature reviewCurrent efforts to address this problem locallyPlanReferences Introduction. inelegant hearty work is poised to face many challenges that make it baffling for a social worker to provide operate to a needy person in the community. Oppression by the parliamentary law and also different social classes in the society has caused the poor to be looked down upon in the society and thus becoming sullen to get the best social serve.In nigh of the cases that brace been happening the women has seen a vast range of problems socially in the rural areas. Women and children make hence become the part of the cosmos facing a lot of social problems. (Teasley, Archuleta Miller, 2014).The issue of a bad economy state has also been an obstacle to the providence of proper social services to the community. When inflation hits a country, it makes it hard and difficult for the rur al community to survive with the raising prices of commodities.Lack of support from the authorities has also caused a lot of poor service development for the needy in the rural areas. Therefore it has been seen in many cases that the policies assign into consecrate do not really favor the rural communities. Taking for cause the policies to do with medical services, high medical services hit the poor in the society and hence lives get lost every now and then.For a ingenuous providence of social services to the rural community, resources have to be there. Lack of these resources render the social workers unable to access the areas with specific needs.an example of services that can be required is transport facilities for the social worker. If transport beams become a challenge for the social worker, it becomes hard for him/her to reach a good tour of the rural population. (Witkin, 2014).Literature review accessible working practice dates back to the ancient cartridge holders wh ere the church used to provide beneficence services to the community even before organizations addressing with social workers were formed. neighborly work was linked with the idea of charity work and by 580AD the church had already started charity work in the world and it was circulating food stuffs to the needy in the society.in the middle ages, the church become influential to the most parts of Europe and with time the practice of charity work become charity work in the 17th century. (Vanagas iikien-, 2015). Social work become a profession as well as batch could now train to become social workers and serve the community.in the 19th century it became a profession in the united states as a movement began in the states and England. In this case a formation was established in which the poor were sorted into different categories as idle poor, collective poor and impotent poor.in this particular century, revolution especially in the industrial sector took place. (McPherson Cheat ham, (2015). Therefore, technology and different scientific innovations came in to place and therefore a rural urban migration took place in those days in the western world. With this happening, social problems took course in the urban areas and therefore a missionary came into place to publicize and spread the Pentecost denominations ad therefore missioners attempted to come up with solutions for these problems in the urban areas because the cities were touch on by prostitution, poverty and diseases. Therefore the church started activities want prayers and evangelism as it was releasing relief food to the poor in these areas. One of the good deal of steered up social work in the United States was Jane Adams who founded the US colony house movement. Many schools to train volume about social work came in to place at around 1915. This took place at the national group discussion of charities and corrections. After this, social work became a profession. (Parrish Oxhandler, 2015). Current efforts to address this problem locallyOrganizations have come up now days with different strategies to deal with the problem of social work degradation. Rural development is the first step that the authorities are working on to ensure that the rural community is reached finished good roads and electrification. Infrastructure development is a key thing that the government and the authorities need to develop in the rural areas. Some of the rural areas have already seen some of these development. (Mazza, 2015).Another measure that is overhearn to address such problem is formation of organization to handle charity work and deal with the social work that is available in the rural areas. The organizations are governmental and some non-governmental organization. The non-governmental organizations dealing with social work are many in number and this has enabled the government to step up also and start other programs on the same. (Richards-Schuster, Ruffolo Nicoll, 2015). Social work organizations have been organizing visits to the rural areas where the elderly and those with special needs have seen help in many areas. Some of these areas include their health, financial assistance. This program has been carried mainly by the non-governmental organizations. Due to this, the government has also borrowed this idea and emerged with a system to start up a development fund for the elderly and the needy in the society as part of the social work development. With such efforts in place, the work of the social worker is boosted and he/she can gain the morale to do such work. The recognition that there are people in the society with special needs is what has been steering up charity work by companies and institutions through different sponsorships. (Suk bong, Ullah Won Jun, 2015).PlanNetworking with other agencies is a consideration to take in order to be able to get sponsors for resources. This is because resources are an important factor to consider in order to b e able to reach people from different parts of the society.Resources like enough money is a key factor to consider in order to be able to meet the peoples needs in the society.as social workers strive to meet the needs of the rural society, its better for necessary resources to be provided in order to have a good strategy for the development of the rural areas.The population census of a particular place can be taken and the number of people known. The population status should be taken and this knowledge should be made aware to the social workers because it pull up stakes be at the end helpful to them. If the population of the rural society is known, the allocation of resources by the agencies will be easy and hence the needs of the people will be met. (Pitt-Catsouphes Cosner Berzin, 2015).Infrastructure development will always depend on the features of the place in which the target project is set to take place. The less the place is accessible the more it becomes difficult to chan nel transport pass ways and also electrification. The resources must be in line with the peoples preferences so that much money is not spend on onerous to fund a project that is not feasible. The feasibility of the projects that help social work to gain an improvement is dependent on the adaptability of the place to welcome pertly ideas in the society which are helpful. Some measure political issues can really hinder development of projects in the society and hence make potential investors and other helpful agencies to shun away from helping the society.When the needs of the people in the society have been accessed, a plan to meet these people pointednessically is put into place. For instance allocation of funds can be implemented in a way that every year at a particular period amount of money is allocated to these particular people maybe the elderly with particular needs. (Clarke Wydall, 2015).Apart from the providence of money, the agencies and the organizations can plan to gi ve out other conspicuous commodities which can be helpful to the needy. Stuff like food and clothing can be an alternative to meet these peoples needs.At times we find some parts of the world affected and to be precise the rural society being struck by natural calamities. Places that are affected by calamities like earthquakes and flood get dented by misfortunes follow the people afterword. In this situation, social working can become very hard to conduct when theres no proper channel to conduct them. Resources such as choppers to aid in the rescue of the survivors of such a cataclysm can be a challenge to acquire especially when the social workers are not registered with a particular organization to work as a team.Apart from all these, social workers can take their job with a passion and with this strive and get trainings which will be helpful to them as they provide services to the rural community. (Sullivan, Ryser Halseth, 2014).Training can be facilitated by the governing aut hority where the curriculum can be incorporated in the education system to make the present scholars equipped with these knowledge.Such training will be helpful for any social worker in the case of outbreaks of disasters like diseases and other calamities.in general terms the necessary thing to do in order to encourage the social work in the rural areas is to provide the social workers with the upper limit corporation and support they need in order for them to gain that morale to serve the people. (Force-Emery Mackie, 2013).ReferencesForce-Emery Mackie, P. (2013). Hiring Social contribute Faculty An Analysis of Employment Announcements With Special condense on Rural and Urban Differences and 2008 EPAS Implications. daybook Of Social Work Education, 49(4), 733-747. doi10.1080/10437797.2013.812906Sullivan, L., Ryser, L., Halseth, G. (2014). Recognizing Change, Recognizing Rural The New Rural Economy and Towards a New Model of Rural Service. Journal Of Rural residential area Deve lopment, 9(4), 219-245.Clarke, A., Wydall, S. (2015). From Rights to Action practitioners perceptions of the needs of children experiencing domestic violence. Child Family Social Work, 20(2), 181-190. doi10.1111/cfs.12066Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Cosner Berzin, S. (2015). Teaching NoteIncorporating Social Innovation Content Into large Social Work Education. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(2), 407-416. doi10.1080/10437797.2015.1012947Suk bong, C., Ullah, S. E., Won Jun, K. (2015). Ethical leadership and followers attitudes toward corporate social responsibility the role of sensed ethical work climate. Social Behavior Personality An International Journal, 43(3), 353-365. doi10.2224/sbp.2015.43.3.353Richards-Schuster, K., Ruffolo, M. C., Nicoll, K. L. (2015). Integrating Social Work Into Undergraduate Education Through a Community Action and Social Change Multidisciplinary Minor. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(2), 329-342. doi10.1080/10437797.2015.101293Mazza, E. (2015). Experiences of Social Work Educators Working With Students With Psychiatric Disabilities or Emotional Problems. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(2), 359-378. doi10.1080/10437797.2015.1012935Parrish, D. E., Oxhandler, H. K. (2015). Social Work Field Instructors Views and Implementation of Evidence-Based Practice. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(2), 270-286. doi10.1080/10437797.2015.1012943Vanagas, R., iikien-, J. (2015). THE PECULIARITIES OF SOCIAL SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS DEVELOPMENT. International Journal Of Academic Research, 7(1), 24-30. doi10.7813/2075-4124.2015/7-1/B.4McPherson, J., Cheatham, L. P. (2015). One Million Bones Measuring the Effect of Human Rights Participation in the Social Work Classroom. Journal Of Social Work Education, 51(1), 47-57. doi10.1080/10437797.2015.977130Teasley, M. L., Archuleta, A., Miller, C. (2014). Perceived Levels of Cultural Competence for School Social Workers A Follow-Up Study. Journal Of Social Work Education, 50(4), 694-711. doi10 .1080/10437797.2014.947903Witkin, S. L. (2014). Change and Deeper Change Transforming Social Work Education. Journal Of Social Work Education, 50(4), 587-598. doi10.1080/10437797.2014.947897

Cultural Distance Measurement And Its Impact Marketing Essay

Cultural Distance Measurement And Its Impact Marketing EssayIn todays orbiculateised world economy, the nations are becoming passing cross-ethnical. A better judgement of global consumer grow and its influences on consumer demeanour will play an integral role for both international marketplaceers and consumer researchers to penetrate advanced international markets. The role of cultural difference in the present cross-cultural environment is taken into consideration for localizing marketing strategies (Kroeber and Kluckhohn, 1952). The designing of international marketing strategies and discernment the local market socialisations is a challenge for new consumer researchers to understand and analyse the needs of foreign consumers. It is essential to understand the aspects of cultural dimensions to assess the impact of socialisation on consumer decisions, as the purification tends to manipulate the decisions of the consumer found on cultural value governance (Akaka and Al den, 2010). This cultural value system acts as a remove for interactions within the members of the society and between the consumer and its reapings.What is market-gardening? According to Hofstede (2001), the culture is defined as, the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of bulk from another. This definition focusses on the etic approach, where the researchers look for universal or culture free purposes and its theories. However, the emic methodology is an alternative approach focussing on the subject being researched and understanding its issues. Culture is defined emically as, the lens by which all phenomena are seen. It de endpointines how these phenomenas are adopted and assimilated Luna and Gupta (2001). In fact, there are several mystifys of culture differences which are apply to determine the framework of culture in shared groups or in a group acting as an interpretive model of consumer behaviour. This paper eval uates the culture dimension models proposed by Hofstede (2001) and House (2004) and the impact of different cultures in global consumer market. near people may argue that culture is a shared idea, but with different value sets, influenced by cross cultural beliefs. Within the reality of intercultural communication, the behavioural warning fol measlyed by one society is integral to the basic concept of culture (McSweeney, 2002).Hofstede categorized culture into five different dimensions such as office staff distance, individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/feminity, and long term/short term orientation. The market researchers implemented Hofstedes cultural dimensions to the communications related to digital technology.Javidan et al. (2004), for instance, recognized individualism/collectivism which is one of the cultural dimensions proposed by (Hofstede, 2001), through a school text based transcript of courses listserv (University online portal). They notice d that students from individualist culture behaved differently than the students from collectivist culture while communicating in listserv. The white American students, especially males were observed to be more individualistic in their approach as compared to the Asian students who were more group point displaying a strong sense of we approach in their messages. This study showed that organizational communication through internet authenticated the influence of different cultural traits on the students behavioural pattern, belonging to different national cultures. Furthermore, Chiou (1999) conducted market research in the United States and Taiwan which resulted into findings that consumers in individualist cultures used products to demonstrate their inner set, while in collectivist cultures the consumers were more influenced to utilize the product to reinforce the social relationships.In an international public relations situation, the presence of part distance factor was also co nfirmed by other researchers, where power distance played an integral role in terms of product crisis. For pillow slip, the coca Cola tainting crisis in Belgium in 1999. The product was recalled as the consumers complained about the randomized taste and odour in the bottled products. imputable to Symptoms of reported illness, the Belgian Health Ministry banned the products of the coca Cola Enterprise.Approximately, 15 million cans and tinned products were recalled. The CEO of Coca Cola apologized to the Belgian Health Ministry, and posted notes in newspapers and addressed consumers through media. On 22nd June 1999, the Belgian Health Ministry lifted the ban on Coca Cola Enterprise, and the company provided premiums to 72,000 consumers (Johnson Peppas, 2003). This case exhibits high level of power distance between the government and the consumers, which demonstrates a strong response to the crisis as compared to the countries that exhibits low power distance.On the other hand, S teenkamp et al. (2001) studied the effect of national culture on shaping consumer perceptions. He argues that the relationship between the conceptual definition of Hofstedes dimension and its instruction execution to measure cultural dimensions is weak and unclear. The scores are based on the samples recorded from IBM employees, which do not represent their own country in the research. This model can be implemented in small scale industries and less developed countries. In addition, he also states that Hofstedes research is more focussed on work related values which makes the data time and context specific.Similarly, McSweeney (2002) argues that Hofstedes research displayed narrowness of the reexamine conducted on population limited to one disposal IBM. Although the survey was conducted in 66 countries where IBM subsidiaries were located, the data used to build national culture comparisons was considerably limited to feedbacks from sales-plus marketing employees of IBM. The sur vey was matched on an occupational and organisational basis which neglected the fact of the employees, which could display the consequence to which they can represent their nationality and their respective cultures. The sense of clarity in Hofstedes research with respect to national culture is unclear. Average tendency depending on questionnaire responses from the employees in a single company, failed to justify Hofstedes claim that national average tendency of consumers matches the average tendency of the people in the cross cultural environment.On the other hand, another research programme came into existence which categorized culture into nine major dimensions such as uncertainty avoidance, power distance, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, gender egalitarianism, assertiveness, future orientation, performance orientation, humane orientation and six primary global factors for leadership behaviour (House et al. 2004). Project GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organiz ational behavior Effectiveness) mainly focussed on the performance of leadership behaviours in different cultural contexts (House and Javidan, 2004). This project determined culture into two distinct types cultural values and its practices.According to House et al. (2004), firstly, societal culture might influence an implicit belief which creates a CLT (cultural leadership theory). Secondly, leadership behaviour and attributes is directly influenced by societal culture. Thirdly, leader behaviours and characteristics leads to leader acceptance and effectualness, however this interconnection is guided by CLT. The GLOBE dimensions of culture are applicable at both the societal or organisational level.For instance, feminine values are more developed in Nipponese culture as compared to masculine values. Emotions and sensitivity plays an important role in Japanese marketing. For example, in Japan the wife decides how much money her husband can spend on his daily expenditures (Tanouchi, 1983). This factor can manipulate the buying behaviour of the husband. This society exhibits higher scores on gender egalitarianism practices as women is in the position where she has authority over her male counterpart, and societies where the scores are low (e.g. India, Ku stop, Egypt) the involvement of women in decision making is low. No society can be depicted as true egalitarian society where we can key equal opportunities for men and women.Furthermore, future orientation is also one of the dimensions of culture discussed by House in his GLOBE project, where it demonstrates a cultural trait of individuals in societies involved in future planning and initiatement (Ashkanasy et al., 2004).For example, Intel, the worlds leading manufacturer of microprocessors is planning to enter the mobile phone market. Its investment and planning is based on its competence of develop and designing of smartphones which can be used more like a computer. Value added features of voice capabilit y with faster internet entre on smartphones like computers using Intels low power atom microprocessors. Based on this new technology, Intel is hoping to become a major player in the line of products of mobile communications (Jobber, 2010). This case exhibits low scores on the aspect of future orientation culture dimension proposed by House (2004). Intel wanted to invest on the technology to achieve market share and gain profit in the current market situation. The degree to which individual or the organisation has the propensity to save for the future requirements that society scores high on the future orientation dimension of cultureAccording to recent study, Okazaki et al. (in press) scrutinized how cheeselike sell versus large(p) sell techniques of advertising was interpreted by Japanese versus Unites States consumers. Using performance orientation and assertiveness which are two dimensions of culture in GLOBE study, it assessed the effectiveness of the ads in two societies. T he results showed a variable response across the two cultures. The hard sell approaches are more persuasive for American consumers while soft sell advertising approaches are more favourable for Japanese consumers. This study shows that US consumers are more assertive and believe in performance oriented values. On the other hand, Japanese consumers are more likely to achieve irritation by hard selling ads because the ads were perceived as to a fault aggressive, and too achievement oriented. This study exhibits multiple dimensions of GLOBE such as assertiveness and performance orientation. It also provides an idea about the perspective of advertising considering different culture practices and values.By the above mentioned interaction models proposed by (Hofstede, 1980b) and (House, 2004), culture can be segmented into cultural values and practices, corresponding to consumer behavioural pattern influenced by their own culture. The cultural difference need to be identify in the global marketing situation, because it gives an idea of understanding local cultures which authenticates a deeper understanding of consumption pattern in a specific situation. The understanding of culture distance also helps to build a relationship between the product or service and the consumers. unsuccessful person in understanding culture difference may lead to catastrophic ramifications.For example, Halal meats in fast food outlets. Halal is an Arabic word which promoter lawful, which denotes that animal, should be slaughtered by a Muslim and invokes the name of Allah as the animal, dies. Belgium has the largest Halal meat processing plants as the number of Muslim population is increasing in the European region. The fast food outlet such as McDonalds, KFC therefore has halal certification where there is low risk of contamination from pork products. Due to which fast food business has established quickly and is a growing trend in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia accounts of 15% of food sales through fast food business which has grown over the last 5 years. (Usunier and Lee, 2005, p. 279).Similarly in countries like Malaysia, for example, fast food outlets such as pizza Hut and KFC are advised by Syariah council to ensure that all overseas food supply and food production is Halal meat. The fast food companies identified the cultural importance and its difference with respect to Muslim customs dutys, and to attract the Muslim consumers they started with the Halal system, and posted notes and hoarding in front of the outlets which said that they follow the tradition of Halal meat. As a result, fast food outlets identified the cultural difference and gained market share in the global food sector.Another example which demonstrates cultural difference playing an important role in manipulating consumer behaviour is in the womens beauty sector. This sector consists of segments which provide brands with immense of opportunities to target specific groups. LOreal, for examp le, with its check line Because youre worth it targets women who believe that they deserve to be self indulgence and pampering. Such niche targeting has made the brand into one of the leading players in the augmentative market.However, on the other hand, Unilever entered the beauty market but chose not to compete with LOreal directly. Alternatively, it categorized women into different belief segments who oppose against beauty stereotypes. Dove promoted its product with its be given for Real Beauty where images of women do not match the tall, thin and recent category. The brand created a different belief system by promoting workshops to help young girls with body related low self esteem. Dove successfully created a democratic view in the mind of the consumers about beauty and identified the market segment by tapping the women culture based on beliefs. Implementation of this schema led Dove to be a major player in this market segment (Jobber, 2010).Consumer electronics market on the other hand is typically culture free product segment as they are more technologically based product or service and universally used. Here, the culture context acts lower priority and consumer behaviour is similar with respect to cross-national environments (Usunier and Lee, 2005). However, there is an exception in developing countries in which consumer electronic goods are bonded with culture. For example in China, owning a colour TV is a requirement to marriage and they sometimes are willing to wait so that they are able to afford the best colour TV to display the social status before marriage. Sony Corporation took advantage of this culture system and launched 3D LED BRAVIA Colour TV in China. Owning this TV in China is considered to be respectful and wealthy. Sony tapped the Chinese market with Japanese technology which favoured the organisation to create a brand image and now it is one of the major consumer brands in China in terms of television and music industry (Usunier a nd Lee, 2005)Some organisations tend to enter the niche market by targeting a specific group of culture. For instance, Nike produces wide range of sports equipments and follows the hip hop culture and the youth culture to persuade consumers to buy their fashionable products. For market penetration, Nike signed contracts with famous professional teams and athletes casting them in their advertisements and persuading young generation to buy the same product as their sports ideal is utilizing them. Nike targeted the sporting culture in young generation who care more about the utility and quality of the product rather than price. This strategy provides them a huge platform to position their product in the consumer market.Athletes are the main consumers of Nike products. This sporting company segmented the market according to the consumers sporting culture this strategy helped Nike to build product intimacy with the consumers and persuaded them to purchase the product by associating the b rand with high profile athletes like Michael Jordan. The recognition of distinct sporting culture in the consumer market led Nike to be the leading company in the world to provide sporting goods (www.articlebase.com)To conclude, it has been observed that culture plays an integral role in consumer behaviour. The marketers alter and standardize their product according to the culture, so that they can segment, target, and position their product in a specific group or in the market as a whole. The organisations who failed to identify the cultural distance in consumers, struggled with the concept of brand positioning in the global market situation. Cultural difference can be reduced by analysing the local environment and practices to create a brand relationship between the product and the consumers. The brand adoption process of a consumer is influenced by personal value and expressions in their purchase. The individuality of the consumers affects the brand value and their perceptions a bout the brand.The concept of Glocalisation where Globalisation meets Localisation is essential in order to help the marketers to customise their global brands according to the local needs and suit the local cultures. One of the most important culture bound tool of marketing mix is advertising. It is the strongest connecter between the companies and its consumers in marketing communications. The words and images used in advertising can influence the consumer in terms of his culture, as the advertising campaign does not depends on particular country or region. This strategy can create an impact on global consumer culture at a considerable extent provide the message is interpreted in the way What is said and How it is said by the brand. In this case, as mentioned above, the brands such as Sony, McDonalds, KFC, and Nike identified the global consumer culture and their trends which patronized them to create a brand image in the minds of the consumers. In addition, they also created a b rand relationship which corresponds to the global consumer culture by global marketing operations.

Mental Health Of Older People Social Work Essay

Mental Health Of one-time(a) People Social Work EssayPromoting the mental wellness of erstwhile(a) sight is becoming an activity of increasing importance. In the incoming decades, there volition be an increasing the number of quondam(a) mass. thither will be fewer recent community and young bounteouss. In the year 2050, 30 percent of the citizenry will be elderly than 65 old age of age, while 11 percent of the people will be 80 years old and above. The word old age has no agreed upon definition. In most countries, people retire at an age of 60 to 65 years. This is shell outed the age when one becomes an onetime(a) soulfulness. According to the European commission, there atomic number 18 3 age groups that aged people shtup be divided into. The first group is previous(a) workers from the age of 55 to 64. The second group is older people from the age of 65 to 79 years while the third group is 80 years and above. These older age groups be the most diverse in boun ds of education, attitudes, family background, mixer background, hobbies, preferences and political attachments.Mental wellness in afterwards deportment models and issuesThere atomic number 18 six main factors that influence mental health. These atomic number 18 financial security, life span considers, structural factors such as housing, employment, social support and individual coping skills. The mental health of older people as well as their well-being issues in older people are unique and grant a owing(p)er relevance to them. Retirement is an issue that has great relevance to people who are 60 to 80 years age. As much as it means relief from responsibilities, retirement too mean a loss of status, less social relationships and a reduced role in life. This age group also suffers from health and physical deterioration, changing the environment from sorrowful their stand, loss of financial stability and a loss of star of belonging.People who are 80 years and above increa singly lose their friends, family members and spouses. They use their sense of purpose in life and their functional ability deteriorates. These people constantly deal with bereavement, death and the fact that their own life is ending. Not exclusively of those older people are the same. They have different values, life experiences, health, economic status and culture. When planning the promotion of the mental health for older people, all of these factors should be pitch into consideration.Continuity through the life courseA persons continuity through life upsets them a despotic history filled with experiences. This continuity gives a person a set of values that guides their behaviour. When working with older people who have mental health postulate, the strategies used should have a psychosocial and sociological perspective that arse support the older people during their transition. Much of the work with older people relies on the continuity through their life. Every person has an internal and external self. In order for one to have a happy and successful old age, one needs to be supported in managing their life with a authoritative general framework. When it comes to the internal self, people should be allowed to make decisions like they have always make it, maintain their integrity and their self esteem. In the external self, people need to reciprocal relationships, continue in positive roles, preserve social support and compensate for mental and physical losses. Disruption of the internal and external elements is probable to heighten the unhappiness and myopic self images of people.Having links in the past, being meaningfully active, feeling embedded within society and having the ability to continue alimentation a life that coincides with ones face-to-face beliefs can all contribute to living a successful and happy old age. No underestimation should be do when it comes to the significance of having social relationships and maintaining practised mental health for the older people. Important factors that can foresee the risk of depression and social isolation in older people are intimate relationships, reciprocal relationships, quality of ties and the presence of a confidante. These factors should be available both at the community and in direction homes. agismIn society today, there exists a negative and depreciating attitude towards older people. While ageism affects all age groups, it is found to be more(prenominal) profound with older people. Ageism exists in politics, consumerism, media, voluntary life, crime, design, civic life and m any(prenominal) new(prenominal) area of life. Age discrimination is an abuse of human rights that causes personal hardship and suffering and economic and cultural problems. It is then necessary for politicians to ensure that a change in human rights is implemented for the sake of older people. There must be no tolerance whatsoever to any kind of discrimination. In promoting mental hea lth, it is especially most-valuable to ensure that age equality is promoted. Older people have the right to fully participate in the political, social, economic and cultural decision making processes of their societies. To promote respect and understanding between the young and older people, intergenerational activities can be used. Employees who serve the public should also be trained and educated on how to respect and value the older people that they have direct contact with.In a recent survey carried out by (reference), it was found that 29 percent of people had suffered age discrimination when compared to otherwise kinds of discrimination. This survey also found that by the age of 55 years, age discrimination was twice as likely to have been experiences as opposed to other forms of discrimination. Moreover, it is believed by 30 percent of people that there is more age discrimination today than there was five years ago, and this trend is likely to run short worse. This survey also found out that the demographic shift towards a society with older people than younger people will make life worse in terms of education, security, health, living standards and jobs. In fact, one of the respondents from this surveys said that they viewed those who were 70 years old and above to be incapable and incompetent.On inaugural October, 2006, a new law that was enforced by the Employment Equality Regulations came into effect in England, Scotland and Wales. This law protects people from age discrimination in employment, adult employment and training for people from all age groups. However, this new regulation does not provide protection from age discrimination in health care. It is therefore important for carers and social workers to describe their beliefs and values clearly and on a concise manner. Knowing ones values is an important guide while caring for the older people. To create a common shared vision between the carers and the social workers, it is important that an exercise to clarify their values be carried out. This practice will give the carers and social workers a shared vision and purpose.Promoting mental health and well being what efficiency be involved in practiceWhen working with older people, promoting their mental health should be seen as a part of everyday work and not as a special project. Since the older person might stay in the residential facility for a relatively short time, the activities dome to promote mental health should be both short term and long term. There are seven rationales in promoting the mental health of oder people. The first principal is that the target group should be defined and how, when and where they can be reached is identified. The second principal is that the older people should be involved in developing a plan, implementing and evaluating the programmes and opportunities. The third principal is that the health and social needs for the older people should be addressed. The fourth principle is that the older people should be empowered and motivated to take initiatives to ensure their own health and wellbeing. The fifth principle is that barriers that affect the capacity of older people to participate in society should be identified. These barriers are social, economic and political in nature. After identifying these barriers, interventions should be done to overcome them. The sixth principle is that respect should be given to the independence and autonomy of older people. The last principle is that holistic and multi-faced interventions should be made to consider the mental, social and physical needs of older people. The relationship between these needs should also be considered.Several opportunities for involvement in activities that are meaningful for older people should be provided. Creative activities that older people can participate in are museums, arts, performances, libraries and other cultural events. The personal and social realisation of the older people can be fos tered by lifelong learning programmes. Volunteering and community development initiative that older people can participate in can offer an additional form of beneficial participation. This participation will increase the mental health of the older person who is volunteering as well as the people receiving the services.Healthy lifestyle choices among older people should also be promoted. To have a good quality life, one must have good health. Having good physical health depends on a variety of factors. These factors include lifestyle, genetic makeup, choices, environmental factors and socioeconomic factors. Despite their daily activities being restricted by having a limiting long term illness, many older people consider themselves to be in good health. Adopting a healthy lifestyle can prevent or delay many of the chronic conditions that are found to affect people in their old age. A healthy lifestyle can be adopted by exercise, reducing alcohol intake, eating a balanced healthy diet and avoiding smoking. Aids and adaptations can be provided to help people clench mobile. Positive mental health can be promoted by providing encouragement, information and opportunities for older people to make healthy choices in their lifestyle.Physical actuivity and exercising opportunities should be provided. By exercising, a person has better physical health, increased psychological benefits, increased mental wellbeing and better functional ability. By gentle in different types of exercise, a person has different benefits to their mood, stress, self-esteem, sleep and alleviating or preventing the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Safe and healthy outdoor and indoor environments should be adopted for older peoples participation.An important measure in supporting the mental health in older people is enhancing their participation in the community. Older people should be enabled in engaging in the social activities at the wider community or at their residences. Ensuring the soci al participation of older people can be done by providing them with opportunities for move in lifelong learning and political, cultural and economic decision making of their community.Secure and positive relationships that older people have with their relatives, friends or neighbours should be strengthened. These relationships are important because they contribute to good mental health of older people. The wellbeing of an older person can also be positively influenced by having a pet. Access to activities such as spiritual belief and faith communities should be ensured and recognised as important. The good mental health of older people is also ensured by having a satisfying sexual life. Poor mental health is risked when older people are isolated from society. For some older people, it is a positive experience for them to embody alone because it means autonomy, self-support and independence for them. However, other people might find living alone to be a lonely experience especially if getting out of their home is difficult. Therefore, the community should organise befriending programmes that help older people in their everyday lives. Feelings of isolation and loneliness can be avoided by different kinds of clubs, social networks and recreation centres. Isolation can further be avoided by recognising the knowledge and skills contributed by older people and the provision of opportunities where the older people can share their skills with people from other age groups.Independent and safe living opportunities should be provided. Many older people want to live in their own homes for as long as they can because it provides them with feelings of autonomy band independence. These feelings can be enhanced by providing equipment that can facilitate mobility and colloquy in the support of smart home establishment solutions. Independent living can be enabled by providing domiciliary services such as home help, home adaptation assistance and providing adequate amenities through assistance with home improvements. Older people who have been victims of violence should be supported and any violence or abuse that affects older people should be tackled. In supporting them, the older people will be able to cope with the resulting psychological and physical ill effects.Appropriate social and health services should be provided. It is evident among older people that general health and mental health are strongly interrelated. Mental ill health is risked by poverty and poor physical health. It is therefore important that a social and health care form be provided. This care system will give easy access to psychiatric help, high quality primary and specialty health services, necessary social services, transport services and other benefits. To afford decent housing, travel, heating, occasional treats and social activities, older people want to have enough money. These activities help older people to fully participate in their families and communities. To maintai n an increase in their income, older people should join individual retirement schemes that allows them to continue working even later in life.Mental well-being and carersTraditionally, it has been the role of some family members to provide care for older people at home. However, in this day and age, the social framework all over the world is changing. Caring for an older person, a person with disabilities and for a child in the family is a usual way of life even in the most developed information society-type society. In the European Union, millions of people are seen taking care of their partners or relatives. It is common to find that an elderly person is in charge of taking care of a frail older person. Nowadays, frail wives are taken care of by their husbands and vice versa. The experience of taking care of a spouse, child or a close friend is rewarding and mentally positive. The carer finds that their life has purpose and is more meaningful.On the other hand, being a care giver has psychological, financial, physical and social strains that may lead to feelings of loneliness and social isolation. Cares are at a high risk of developing psychological and physical ill health that shows that the carers need opportunities for respite and more effective social, financial and practical support. Those carers taking care of older people with dementia are likely to be burdened and have high levels of stress, depression and fatigue. Family caregivers should also be targeted when promoting mental health activities for older people to ensure that the carers needs are met as well.ConclusionWe are all affected by wellbeing and mental health in later life. The reasons why we should pay attention to issues meet mental health in old age are economic, social and humanitarian in nature. Each one of us benefits from good mental health and wellbeing in later life because we are ensured that we will be able to lead long healthy lives that are fulfilling and enjoyable. Good menta l health promotion for older people is a means by which we can maximise older peoples valuable contribution to economy and society. The costs that arise from poor mental health care are minimised at the same time.Social workers have been working for a long time with older people in promoting mental health. The mental social work profession is founded on the skills of mental social work. The work of social workers has been to stop disintegrating forces in families, individuals and social groups. Society needs the work done by social workers to continue because these disintegrating forces are still around us. A social worker is able to take up the dispute and help in promoting mental health in older people.

Effective Parenting-Early Development, Various Parenting Styles and Dis

P atomic number 18nts act as the first teachers in a childs life. twain mothers and fathers can have very unique influences on their children. Mothers and fathers parent differently, however, some(prenominal) maternal and paternal figures are essential in healthy development. Together both parents teach their children many things including how to eat, walk, talk and underlying emotions such as love, trust and happiness. Oppositely parents may also teach their kids, often unknowing of the effects they are causing, distrust, anger, and contempt. Every parent parents differently using various methods, styles, and techniques.Though traditional nucleic family rolls are dying or reversing, maternal influences still tend to be more(prenominal) prominent than paternal influences during the early stages of development. To a young child mothers tend to be more nurturing, providing food and dry diapers more often than their male counterparts. Where as the father would be more likely to inter act in a playing manner, perhaps rolling a ball around or interpret a story. Both aspects are extremely important in early development. One of the most influential aspects of a childs development comes in form of Attachment. In essence Attachment is the close bond that a baby feels with its primary caregiver. This bond lays the foundation for all future relationships. This bond could literally make or break a young childs basic ability to socialize. For example, say the primary caregiver to which a child attached was their mother and at two old age of age she ran off leaving the father alone to raise the child. This could cause the child to become withdrawn, even from the father and certainly to any new people brought in to take her place, such as a nanny or day care worker. Later on th... ... strong family structure, keep the lines of communication open, never be afraid to punish them if necessary as you see fit, and do what works for you and your child, because every family i s different, what works for one is not guaranteed to work for another.Works Cited1. Coon, D., & Mitterer, J. O. (2012). psychology modules for active learning (12th ed.). Australia Wadsworth Cengage Learning.2. Farnsworth, D. L. (1966). Psychiatry, education, and the young adult,. Springfield, Ill. C.C. Thomas.3. McGraw, P. C. (2004). Family first your step-by-step plan for creating a phenomenal family. New York Free Press.4. N/A, N. (Director). (2005). Discipline Teaching Limits With Love Documentary. U.S.A Parents accomplish For Children. 5. Sells, S. P. (1998). Treating the tough adolescent a family-based, step-by-step guide. New York Guilford Press.

Hate Groups in the United States Essay -- Gangs Racism Group Teenagers

Hate Groups in the unite StatesRight now, there ar many boutive shun groups in the United States such as the Ku Klux Klan, Neo-Nazi, Skinheads, Christian identity, Black Separatists, etc. These hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan, which is one of Americas oldest and more feargond, use violence and move above the law to promote their different causes. Another example is a group called Christian Identity, who describes a religious belief that is fundamentally racist and anti-Semitic and other are the Black Separatist groups, who are organizations whose ideologies include tenets of racially based hatred. Because of the information gathered by the science Project from hate groups publications, citizens reports, law enforcement agencies, field sources and news reports, many people know about these hate groups. Many people know how these groups act and think and most of the American people agree that these hate groups are immoral and should not be allowed to exist neither in the Unite d States nor on the rest of the world.All the hate groups know that they can only flourish if they continue to recruit new members. Three of the most obvious similarities among hate groups members are their sex, male their race, Caucasian and their age, 35 years old or younger. Many people think that the reason young people are willing to totality hate groups in high school and in college is that they are uncertain about their own futures. Often people believe that the young people who trade union hate groups are those with the least education and the least to hope for in the future in the way of jobs, but that does not follow anymore because hate has flourished on colleges and high school campuses. For members of the Ku Klux Klan, it is important that their message of hatred be carried to young people. The initiation of children and babies has existence an important part of the Klan activities. It is so bad and rail at that the Ku Klux Klan has even gone so far as to hang out a t playgrounds. They look for little boys who play unsupervised. The Klan believes that these boys are potential members of the Klan because their parents do not care enough to watch them play. The child is probably growing up in a dysfunctional family that gives him little attention and when he is older he will cling to the Klan because membership in this group will provide him with a strong family structure that his ... ...eir new and young members that the different people are bad and all kinds of things. These lessons, which new members of these hate groups are learning, are wrong because they provoke the anger on its members and therefore the members founder hate crimes against those they hate for being different. That is why not only Blacks, Homosexuals, Asians and Hispanics, but also white people think that these hate groups should be banned so they can not commit crimes anymore.Many hate groups in the United States use the first amendment as a shield to protect themselves f rom the law, they are bad examples to our following generations because they are stressful to recruit more members and change their way of think, these hate groups also commit a lot of crimes against those people that they think are different. That is why in the United States, many Americans are against all of the hate groups and they think that these hate groups should not be allow to exist. We all know that if the U.S. Government decide to ban them, they may be inn silent for many years, but we can count on the fact that they are there. They are The Invisible Empire and will everlastingly be the dark side to American History.

The Computer Evolution :: Essays Papers

The Computer EvolutionWho controls the past commands the future. Who commands the future conquers the past.-George Orwell The data processor evolution has been an terrible one. There down been astonishing achievements in the figurer industry, which dates back just about 2000 years. The earliest existence of the computer dates back to the offshoot century, but the electronic computer has only been roughly for over a half-century. Throughout the last 40 years computers have changed drastically. They have expectantly impacted the American lifestyle. A computer can be found in nearly every business and one out of every two households (Hall, 156). Our Society relies critically on computers for almost all of their insouciant operations and processes. Only once in a life snip will a new invention like the computer jazz about.The fist computer, cognize as the abacus, was made of wood and parallel wires on which beads were strung. Arithmetic operations were performed when t he beads were moved along the wire jibe to programming rules that had to be memorized by the user (Soma, 14). The second earliest computer, invented by Blaise Pascal in 1694, was a digital calculating elevator car. Pascal designed this first known digital computer to help his father, who was a tax collector. Pascals computer could only add numbers, and they had to be entered by turning dials (Soma, 32). It needed a manual of arms process like its ancestor, the abacus. Automation was introduced in the early 1800s by a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage. He created an automatic computing machine that was steamer powered and stored up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Unlike its two earliest ancestors, Babbages invention was able to perform various operations. It relied on card game with holes punched in them, which ar called punch cards. These cards carried out the programming and storing operations for the machine. Unluckily, Babbages creation flopped due to the lack o f mechanical precision and the lack of acquire for the product (Soma, 46). The machine could not operate efficiently because technology was t adequate to make the machine operate efficiently Computer interest dwindled for more years, and it wasnt until the mid-1800s that people became interested in them once again.Between 1850 and 1900, the mathematics and physics fields began advancing. The advancements involved extremely arduous calculations and formulas that took a great deal of time when done manually.The Computer Evolution Essays PapersThe Computer EvolutionWho controls the past commands the future. Who commands the future conquers the past.-George Orwell The computer evolution has been an amazing one. There have been astonishing achievements in the computer industry, which dates back almost 2000 years. The earliest existence of the computer dates back to the first century, but the electronic computer has only been around for over a half-century. Throughout the last 40 years computers have changed drastically. They have greatly impacted the American lifestyle. A computer can be found in nearly every business and one out of every two households (Hall, 156). Our Society relies critically on computers for almost all of their daily operations and processes. Only once in a lifetime will a new invention like the computer come about.The fist computer, known as the abacus, was made of wood and parallel wires on which beads were strung. Arithmetic operations were performed when the beads were moved along the wire according to programming rules that had to be memorized by the user (Soma, 14). The second earliest computer, invented by Blaise Pascal in 1694, was a digital calculating machine. Pascal designed this first known digital computer to help his father, who was a tax collector. Pascals computer could only add numbers, and they had to be entered by turning dials (Soma, 32). It required a manual process like its ancestor, the abacus. Automat ion was introduced in the early 1800s by a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage. He created an automatic calculation machine that was steam powered and stored up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Unlike its two earliest ancestors, Babbages invention was able to perform various operations. It relied on cards with holes punched in them, which are called punch cards. These cards carried out the programming and storing operations for the machine. Unluckily, Babbages creation flopped due to the lack of mechanical precision and the lack of demand for the product (Soma, 46). The machine could not operate efficiently because technology was t adequate to make the machine operate efficiently Computer interest dwindled for many years, and it wasnt until the mid-1800s that people became interested in them once again.Between 1850 and 1900, the mathematics and physics fields began advancing. The advancements involved extremely arduous calculations and formulas that took a great deal of time when done manually.